Saturday, January 25, 2020

Laboratory Report Experiment for Jigging

Laboratory Report Experiment for Jigging 1) INTRODUCTION: Jiging is one of the specific gravity separation methods.The method separate minerals of different specific gravity by their relative movement in response to gravity. Particle size is also important in jigging.If the feed is closely sized,it is easy to get good separation with narrow specific gravity range.Jigging is suitable for the sizes between 25 mm and 75 microns for minerals and suitable for 20 cm and 0.5 cm for coal. 2) THEORY: Jig is an open tank filled with water that has screen at the top and spigot or hutch compartment at the bottom.Jig bed may have heavy coarse material(ragging material) . Jigs have screen,stroke length hutch compartment under the screen and ragging,a layer of heavy material. There are two actions at work.First one is most important one that is the effect of hindered settling.When the slurry is subjected to several pulses before it exists the tailings weir of the jig,better separation will get. After repeated pulses,particles become stratified.Heavy materials are settle at the bottom and light particles settle at the top.The other action is the effect of the water.Upward flow of water separates particles by their specific gravity. Some conditions present in jigging action are; 1) Therminal Velocity: Initially particles have an acceleration and increasing velocity.When equilibrium is achieved,particles reach their terminal velocity and they settle down at constant rate. 2) Free Settling: The sinking of particles in fluid. 3) Hindered Settling: The hindered settling conditions prevail when the proportion of solids in the pulp increases.The effect of particle crowding becomes more apparent and falling rate of particles begins to decrease.The system begins to behave as a heavy liquid whose density is that of the pulp rather than that of the carrier liquid. Mechanisms; 1) Differential Initial Acceleration: The initial acceleration is dependent only on the densities of the solid and the fluid.It is necessaryu that short jigging cycle to separate small heavy particles to light particles. 2) Consolidation Trickling: In consolidation stage,where the large particles in the bed come close to each other leaving relatively large interstices filled with draining water running down as a result of the suction part of the strike. Separation may be achieved over the screen or trough the screen in jigging. The operation parameters of jigs are; 1) Dilution: It is the amount of water.High dilution is necessary to remove large quantity of materials. 2) Screen Aperture: It must be as large as possible,consistent with feed size to minimize resistance to flow. 3) Stroke and Frequency: Stroke is moving distance of the piston and it depends on particle size.Frequency is the number of stroke per time. 4) Feed Rate and Particle Size Range: Jigs have high unit capacity and can achieve good recovery in particle size under 150 pm. 3) OBJECTIVES: -To observe the stratification process -As a function of the value of concentration criteria,observing the rate of stratification -To observe the effect of the ragging material -To observe the effects of the operating variables 4) MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT: -multi compartment piston type laboratory jig steel balls as ragging material -crushed heavy mineral with the size of -3mm +0,5mm -crushed light material wit the size of -3mm +0,5mm -chromite 5) PROCEDURE: -prepare a mixture of heavy and light minerals -fill the jig wit hutch water -add the feed -add steel balls as ragging material -start the jig and observe the stratification -empty the stratified material -collect the light product 6) DISCUSSION: a) Jigs: The methods operate by differences in specific gravity. Jigs rely on stratification in a bed of coal when the carrying water is pulsed. The shale tends to sin, and the cleaner coal rises. The basic jig, Baum Jig, is suitable for larger feed sizes. Although the Baum Jig can clean a wide range of coal sizes, it is most effective at 10-35 mm. A modification of the Baum Jig is the Batac Jig which is used for cleaning fine coals. The coal is stratified by bubbling air directly through the coal-water-refuse mixture in this cleaning unit. For intermediate sizes the same principles are applied, although the pulsing may be from the side or from under the bed. In addition, a bed or hard dense mineral is used to enhance the stratification and prevent remixing. The mineral is usually feldspar, consisting of lumps of silicates of about 60 mm size. Jigs offer cost effective technology with a clean coal yield of 75-85% at about 34% ash content. The jigs are used more frequently than dense-medium vessels because of their larger capacities and cheaper costs. b) Baum jigs and Batac jigs: i) Baum jigs: A baum jig with a screen deck comprising, in combination, a number of water cisterns each having a feed end and a discharge end and arranged in a series-paralleled system withsymmetrical air chambers opened at the bottom and located beneath the screen deck transversely to the axis of the jig, said symmetrical air chambers comprising plates as sections of a cylindrical surface, the symmetry axes of said air chambers beingdeflected from the perpendicular by an angle of 5ÂÂ ° to 15ÂÂ ° toward said feed end, said chambers having asymmetric guide vanes displaceable in a horizontal direction. ii) Batac jigs: There is one decisive difference between an BATAC jig and a Baum jig: The water current is not generated in an air chambers are intermittently supplied with compressed air by an electronically controlled valve or flap system (pulse generator) . That air is intermittently discharged from the system (at atmospheric pressure) after completion of the upward stroke. Motion is imparted to the water inside the jig as a function of the pressure generated inside the air chambers. Moreover make-up water is added at the lowest location of every jigging chamber to intensify the upward current and to dampen the downward current. The feed is stratified according to its density by the pulsating motion of the water: when preparing coal, e.g., in refuse, middlings and clean coal. The heavy fraction of the stratified raw material is sensed by floats in accordance with the product qualities required. The system provides for controlled withdrawal of the heavy fraction over a discharge device. Jigging of great width are equipped with independently operating discharge devices fitted with separate sensor and hydraulic units. This configuration ensures optimal product qualities over the entire jig width even in case of non-uniform material distribution. The parts of the batac jig: inlet refuse outlet refuse collecting hopper middlings outlet middlings collecting hopper discharge devices clean coal overflow air chambers make-up water air-distributing tabes air-distributing tank waste-air collecting tank waste-air tubes with silencers valve control system Operating parameters of jigs: The monitoring and control of jig separators is effected by monitoring the time variation within a jig cycle of at least one operating parameter of the jig, and manipulating the operating parameter(s) to produce the sought after form of the time variation within the jig cycle. Operating parameters include bed voidage, water level, particle velocity in the bed and water or air pressure. c) An example of flow sheet: In the flow sheet below, you can see the details of this jigging process as it exists on a Superior mill floor. Copper rock from the stamp enters the classifier and is directed to one of four jig sieves. These jigs work in tandem and both copper and tailings are removed during the process (the T and C in the diagram) . The middlings are then sent on to a distributor box, which sends the tailings off to one of four series of refining jigs. More copper and tailings are removed as the middlings are sent on to the wash floor. 7) RESULTS: In this experiment, we have learned the working principle of the jig, the effect of the ragging layer, the stratification process, the effect of operating parameters of jigs. Jig separate the minerals by the effect of specific gravity, and some other forces such as hindered settlings of minerals etc. and the minerals has a layer (stratification) by means of an upward water and the help of the ragging layer. In addition, there are some parameters which effect the separation. They are design parameters such as stroke and frequency and operating parameters such as feed rate and particle size range. Furthermore, if we supply a narrow size range of the minerals to be separated, we can increase the effect of specific gravity and have a good separation.

Friday, January 17, 2020

Dreaming Time Essay

When’s the last time you dreamed? In fact, the last time sleep occurred is the correct answer. Most people believe that they don’t dream, only because these individuals can’t recall dreaming as an event. In J. Allan Hobson’s book, Dreaming, it explores how dreaming is influenced and how it affects the individual, how dreaming is associated with REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep and the importance of it, and also why sleep is so essential for human beings and other mammals to experience. Sleep is correlated with dreaming, making dreaming a phenomenon essential to living. Dreaming is an interesting subject, and may also seem interesting while happening; though many don’t remember the events within them. What is dreaming, someone might ask? Dreaming is basically the brain’s activation throughout the sleep cycle. This was not discovered from looking at the content of the dream, like many of us look forward to, such as the images and scenarios our mind creates; but rather a more formalistic approach on the study of dreams. By using more scientific methods to analyze and define the dreaming state, research has improved drastically over several years, however, it failed to become an actual science. â€Å"My consciousness is as clear as a bell. In fact, I see–and feel–everything in this dream with a surreal intensity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hobson 25.) In this quote given by the author, he was describing how he had felt during the dream he shared within the text. People who are interested in the content of dreams should read this book, as Hobson gives away a few logs in his own dreaming journal. Hobson mentioned how he had felt as if imagining the dream were actually happening because it seemed so vividly clear. In fact, so clear it seemed like reality. His dream was about a red car smashing into a wall, and then finding himself with his son’s bloodied knees and all in a locker room. He associated this vision with his son previously being in a car accident, where indeed the car was red, and his son did infact have a damaged leg. Events that happened prior to the dream may affect the content within the sleeping hallucination. Night terrors or nightmares may also have this same effect on the dreamer. These kind of dreaming states can be associated with traumatic events in ones life. This may cause an effect on the individual to get caught up in this unpleasant scenario and result in awakening. Dreams may also be affected through external interference. In a sleep lab, using certain smells, scientists jump started the patients to experience a specific smell in the dreaming state. There are many factors that can affect the dreaming state an individual experiences. The factors that affect the dreaming state of an individual are also internally significant. â€Å"Not that dreaming occurs exclusively in REM sleep. It doesn’t. REM sleep just happens to provide the most ideal condition for its occurrence.† (Hobson 38.) Through this quote provided by Hobson, he is saying that through Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, dreaming is most ideal and this is a common time for dreaming to occur. If someone wants to learn about this certain subject of dreaming, they should consider read the content of this book. Dreaming is important such as REM sleep is to daily function, because both are essentially linked to each other. REM sleep takes place at about 90 minute intervals throughout a sleep cycle, taking up to two hours per night. This kind of deep sleep is essential as it is necessary for development. It is known that at infancy an individual needs much more REM sleep rather than in adults. This makes sense because at this young of age is when the most development occurs. With this statement, it does not mean that as aging occurs that REM sleep isn’t necessary because throughout life development is an ongoing process. As early as at 30 weeks gestation does the fetus develop the ability of REM sleep. Although dreaming is associated mainly with this specific type of sleep, does not say whether fetuses, infants, or even animals dream as it can only be confirmed vocally by the individual. It is only assumed through body movements and facial expressions, such as when a baby frowns or a dog may run in their sleep for example, that dreaming is an occurring event. A study also found that in children, REM sleep happened right away in the sleep cycle of a child, but the same not true for adults. Although dreaming is commonly taken for the misconception that one does not dream entirely altogether, it is at the fault of no recall whatsoever. In sleep lab studies, when one is woken at the time that REM sleep happens to be occurring, it is more likely for the participant to remember their dream; linking mainly REM sleep to the state of dreaming, rather than NREM sleep or right before awakening. Now that it is safe to say that dreaming is associated with REM sleep, can we confront the question of why it’s so important to be in that deep state of sleeping. As mentioned before, REM sleep is essential to development in an individual. â€Å"To read, to write, to listen, and to tell, I need a good night’s sleep. And, recognizing that fact, I try my best to get it.† (Hobson 79.) Even represented in this quote from Hobson does he express the importance of sleep. A lot of people don’t realize the beneficial aspects of a good nights rest, and people should read this book as to gain insight about it. REM sleep helps regulates thermoregulation, which is a necessity for the the body in order to survive. REM sleep also stores important memories and content, throws away old stuff, makes room for the new stuff, and keeps us from going crazy in reality by doing so in our dreams. In many studies, analysis shows the link between lack of REM sleep and daily performa nce. In a rat study, they deprived rats of their REM sleep, results showing that their thermoregulation was off balance and they hurdled to the warmest corner of their living areas. They also eventually died off from infection due to the lack of their ability to properly function. In other tests, they deprived humans of their REM sleep as well and there are reports of individuals going insane after 72 hours straight because they were denied the ability to go crazy, as you could say, in a dreaming state. After so long without this sleep may an individual start to hallucinate. In other studies, people were put to test by recording their performance on a game. When they had first played it they had all improved on it, but after going to sleep, which only half of them got REM sleep, the half that didn’t get it tended not to improve or decrease in skill, while the half that got a good nights rest improved in skill. These studies all show that REM sleep is obviously credited on daily performance and overall health necessary for survival. So the question is, how much sleep is considered adequate enough? That has many factors on it’s own, from climate, social customs, and even by an individuals personal experience. No amount of sleep is considered not to be normal as it varies from person to person. There are short sleepers (4-6 hours) and both long sleepers (8-10 hours). Time for sleep fluctuates, such as weight does, and some can go on very little sleep and function very well, while others go on lots of sleep while still not yet at their performance peak. The body and mind are both miraculous systems, and can compensate very well for themselves, but without adequate time spent sleeping, an individual may not function as well as they would normally refreshed. So many people take sleep for granted, as do so many others go throughout life not recalling their dreams, and even some living in a nightmare all their own, waking in terror. The science of sleep has come a long way since it was first discovered, and it is sure to develop substantially more over the course of time. Knowing what dreaming is, how it is affected and how it affects a single person, how dreaming relates to REM sleeping, and knowing the importance of dreaming to an individual mammal, are we then allowed to incorporate that knowledge into one’s own life. A way to apply this information to my own life may be figuring how much sleep is adequate for myself each night in order to function to the best of my ability, and to remember subject and test material at a more favorable level. This application appears satisfactory to myself as it may seem to many other individuals, taking the study of this subject matter not just into consideration, but also appreciation. Works Cited Hobson, J. Allan. Dreaming: An introduction to the science of sleep. New York: Oxford UP, 2002. Print.

Thursday, January 9, 2020

Erik Eriksons Theory and Legacy - 1072 Words

Erik Erikson was dabbled in art after he finished high school and then traveled through Europe. He then knew what he wanted to study after his friend suggested him to study psychoanalysis. So he did and later on down the road he received a certificate from Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. He then moved to the United States in 1933 and had a teaching position at Harvard Medical School. He began a private practice in child psychoanalysis. He also held a teaching position at the University of California, Berkeley, Yale, San Francisco Psychoanalytic Institute, Austen Riggs Center, and also the Center for advanced Studies of the Behavioral Sciences. He published many books on his theories and research. He was awarded a Pulitzer Prize and also he†¦show more content†¦In the social interactions the child starts to feel pride when they accomplish something and use their abilities. A child will feel pride when a parent or teacher comment on something they are doing well on. And the ch ildren that don’t get none or little encouragement from their parents or teachers or other children feel as if they don’t have any abilities and the doubt themselves about being successful. Psychosocial stage 5 is Identity vs. Confusion. At this stage if a child is encouraged and knows that they are good at what they do then that when they will show more strong sense of themselves. They will have that feeling of independence and they will also have the feeling of having control. The children that don’t understand or really unsure of their beliefs and desires they will remain confused until they understand. Psychosocial stage 6 is Intimacy vs. Isolation. This begins in the early adulthood like when they start to know what relationships is and being in relationships. They start to develop feeling and their relationship is committed and secure. More you are with that person more and more the senses become stronger that is important in a relationship. The people tha t don’t develop feelings for someone and don’t develop senses we be very emotional isolation and they will feel loneliness and depression. Psychosocial stage 7 is Generatively vs. Stagnation. This is when they are in adulthood and they are planning to build their life and their familyShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory1518 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT This research paper will show a thorough review of Erik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory, specifically the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Psychosocial Development, according to Erik Erikson, is a continuity of crisis throughout our lifespan; these challenges will shape our personality and the way we perceive our surroundings. In addition to this, the different stages mentioned in this Theory complement each other and help us to develop the tools to achieve a sense ofRead More‘’Doubt is the brother of shame,’’ is just one of the famous quotes from the theorist Erik Erikson.1200 Words   |  5 Pages‘’Doubt is the brother of shame,’’ is just one of the famous quotes from the theorist Erik Erikson. He was born 1902, he was a German-born American. He was famous for all his quotes. Some of them are, (The Erik Erikson Reader, 2000) Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidence is wounded, trust impaired, (The First Psychoanalyst, 1957) What was Freuds Galapagos, what speciesRead MoreWhat is Psychosocial Development?948 Words   |  4 PagesA man named Erik Erikson who was a psychoanalyst who believed that early childhood successes and failures were responsible for influencing later developmental stages developed this theory. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is based around the theory that social experience has an impact over an entire lifespan. There are eight stages developmental stages of development in the psychosocial theory and I will briefly examine all eight stages in this paper. Erik Erikson is bestRead MoreHas Anyone Put Any Psychological Thought Into How They1483 Words   |  6 PagesHas anyone put any psychological thought into how they develop their identity? Two psychologists, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget, dedicated their lives to this type of development. Erikson theorists would take a social influence stance, and Piagetian theorists focus on one’s cognition. So, who is right? More knowledge has been obtained to know that human behavior should be social and the need to socialize with other people. Erikson believes this whereas Piaget thought of qualitative thinking that shapesRead MoreErikson’s End Stage of Development Essay1295 Words   |  6 PagesAs human beings age, according to Erik Erikson, they go through developmental stages that help to create and transform their personalities. If needs are met and the ego is gratified, then the individual is able to move on to the next challenge. Onward they march in life and in st age until they find the end level: integrity versus despair. This has been categorized as adults 65 years and older by Erikson. Here, people are to reminisce and judge their lives in terms of merit or disappointment.Read MoreSupport Children’s Programs1274 Words   |  6 Pagesmany ways. An example of one way to achieve self-esteem is through Erik Erikson’s idea of stages of development. Through this idea of stages of development, a child needs an environment that allows them to explore (Harder, â€Å"Erik Erikson Stages of Development†). A restrictive environment leads to a child developing low self-esteem that will hinder a child’s development in later stages of life (Iyer, â€Å"Eriksons Psychosocial Theory of Development†). Programs that assist children, boosts a child’s self-esteemRead MoreEssay on How Erikson’s Eight Stages of Life Apply to My Life883 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson developed the eight stages of life theor y. Erikson’s theory focuses on the development from birth to death, social context, and interpersonal relations during each stage of life (McAdams, 2009). In the same manner, each stage of life is comprehendible in three levels, such as the body, ego, and family and culture. The eight stages of life are infancy (trust vs. mistrust), early childhood (autonomy vs. shame and doubt), childhood (initiative vs. guilt), childhood (industry vs. inferiority)Read MoreErik Erikson: The History, Development, and Significance of His Work1372 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson: The History, Development, and Significance of His Work Erik Erikson has had a tremendous life and has left an amazing legacy. He was an influential and pioneering psychologist, psychoanalyst, and author whose development of his psychosocial stages are immeasurable to the study of personalities. Erikson came from a somewhat troubled past, not so much economically, but psychologically. Erikson was born on June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany to his mother Karla Abrahamsen (FriedmanRead MoreAnalysis Of Eriksons Eight Stages Of Development734 Words   |  3 Pagesof each of the eight stages. Psychologist Erik Erikson developed his eight stages of development to clarify the developmental challenges faced at various times in people’s lives. Stage-based theories of development were extremely popular during Erikson’s era. However, Erikson’s theory differs from other popular theories in that a person does not have to successfully complete one stage of development to move on to the next stage of development. Erikson’s stages of development are widely taught inRead MoreErik Homburger Erikson s Theory On The Stages Of Life1196 Words   |  5 PagesErik Homburger Erikson was a German-born, American sociologist, who became worldwide famous for his theory on the stages that compose life. Born on June 15th, 1902 to a Jewish family in Denmark, his biological father divorced his mother, Karla Abrahamsen, little after his birth. Although his last name was that of his biological fathers (Salomonsen), this changed when they moved to Germany, and his mother ma rried Erik’s pediatrician. Theodore Homburger would go on to become his stepdad, since he would

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

The School s Positive Relations - 944 Words

In terms of resources in my past, current, and future classrooms, I find the school’s positive relations amongst the teachers and faculty is a key resource for the success and growth of the students. I know that without my mentor and department during my first year as a teacher, I would have struggled with assessing my students past the typical â€Å"exit slip† or â€Å"summarized† that is required by our district to be part of the lesson. Fortunately, I was a long-term substitute for a full year and then merged into a permanent position. Therefore, my department assisted me throughout my first year to provide varying forms of Formative Diagnostic Assessments as well as interim assessments. Additionally, the school district is continuing a debate about District Determined Measures to assess the students’ growth within a year, so as a department we come up with a summative assessment to assess whether the goals of the year have been reached. In short, I am fortunate to work with a community of life-long learners, experienced educators, and passionate peers for they have provided me with priceless amounts of advice. While reading the articles, one particular notion that stood out to me within the resources was when Gavriel provides the following strategy for minimizing student silence with discussions: â€Å"Provide participants with an index card each and ask them to write down a thought about the matter under discussion. Then ask participants to pass the cards around and respond to theShow MoreRelatedSuperintendent and School Board Relations1313 Words   |  6 PagesSuperintendent and School Board Relationships Simple arithmetic is not an easy task. Just like some students have difficulties with basic mathematics skills, so does the Superintendent. This is not to say that the Superintendent cannot do basic math. 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